When Scientists Disagree
The conflicting viewpoints passage presents two or more scientists or theories that explain the same phenomenon differently. It is the most reading-heavy part of the Science test, so careful comparison is essential.
Map Each Viewpoint
Read each theory one at a time and summarize its core claim in a sentence. Note what each scientist believes causes the phenomenon and what evidence each relies on. Keeping the viewpoints clearly separated is the single most important skill here.
Find the Point of Disagreement
The theories usually agree on some facts and disagree on a specific cause or mechanism. Pinpoint exactly where they diverge; many questions ask what distinguishes one view from another.
Match Claims to Scientists
A common question gives a statement and asks which scientist would agree. Return to that scientist's paragraph and check whether the statement fits the core claim. Do not let a true-sounding statement trick you if it belongs to the other viewpoint.
Use Evidence to Test Theories
Some questions introduce a new finding and ask which theory it supports or weakens. Decide whether the new fact fits one theory's predictions and contradicts the other's. Evidence that matches a theory's mechanism strengthens it; evidence that breaks its predicted pattern weakens it.
Stay Neutral
The ACT does not expect you to decide who is right. Your job is to understand each position well enough to answer questions about it accurately.
Key Takeaways
- •Summarize each viewpoint's central claim separately.
- •Locate the precise point where the theories diverge.
- •Match new statements to the scientist whose claim they fit.
- •Judge new evidence by whether it supports or contradicts each theory's predictions.
